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What is the diagnostic approach to interstitial lung disease - when is HRCT sufficient vs surgical lung biopsy needed?

When should asthma therapy be stepped up from ICS alone to ICS/LABA, and what triggers biologics?

How is spontaneous pneumothorax managed - needle aspiration vs chest tube, and when is surgery indicated?

What is the initial management of massive hemoptysis and when is bronchial artery embolization indicated?

How is pulmonary arterial hypertension classified and what are treatment options for WHO Group 1 PAH?

When should BiPAP/NIV be started in COPD exacerbation with hypercapnic respiratory failure?

Which severity score is better for community-acquired pneumonia - CURB-65 or PSI? And what are ICU admission criteria?

How do you diagnose pulmonary embolism - when is D-dimer enough vs when is CTPA needed?

How do you approach diagnosis of a unilateral pleural effusion — when is thoracentesis mandatory?