Pulmonology

What is the diagnostic approach to interstitial lung disease - when is HRCT sufficient vs surgical lung biopsy needed?

When should asthma therapy be stepped up from ICS alone to ICS/LABA, and what triggers biologics?

How is spontaneous pneumothorax managed - needle aspiration vs chest tube, and when is surgery indicated?

What is the initial management of massive hemoptysis and when is bronchial artery embolization indicated?

How is pulmonary arterial hypertension classified and what are treatment options for WHO Group 1 PAH?

When should BiPAP/NIV be started in COPD exacerbation with hypercapnic respiratory failure?

Which severity score is better for community-acquired pneumonia - CURB-65 or PSI? And what are ICU admission criteria?

How do you diagnose pulmonary embolism - when is D-dimer enough vs when is CTPA needed?

How do you approach diagnosis of a unilateral pleural effusion — when is thoracentesis mandatory?

What is the stepwise management of acute COPD exacerbation in the ED?

Diagnosis and management of moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea: when to use CPAP vs BiPAP vs mandibular advancement?

Comparing smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: NRT vs varenicline vs bupropion — which to choose and when?

Systematic approach to hemoptysis: when is bronchoscopy urgent vs CT-guided intervention?

Optimal lung-protective ventilation strategy in moderate-to-severe ARDS — tidal volume, PEEP, and prone positioning

How to differentiate asthma from vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) in a young athlete with exercise-induced dyspnea?

Management of malignant pleural effusion: pleurodesis vs indwelling pleural catheter?

Criteria for initiating long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in stable COPD patients

Role of HRCT in diagnosing interstitial lung disease — when is it indicated?

How to differentiate pulmonary embolism from pneumonia on initial presentation?

Best approach to managing acute exacerbation of COPD in the emergency setting?